Melanoma metastásico en intestino delgado: causa infrecuente de perforación: reporte de caso / Metastatic melanoma in the small intestine: infrequent cause of perforation: case report / Melanoma metastático em intestino delgado: causa rara de perfuração: relato de caso

El intestino delgado es el sitio de asiento más frecuente del melanoma metastásico. Su diagnóstico es un desafío por cursar asintomático o con síntomas inespecíficos. Son pocos los casos que presentan complicaciones, siendo infrecuente la peritonitis por perforación. El objetivo del trabajo es comunicar el caso clínico de una peritonitis por perforación de una metástasis de melanoma en intestino delgado. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 66 años con diagnóstico de melanoma de cuello y secundario óseo, encefálico y pulmonar, fue intervenido de urgencia por peritonitis aguda por perforación de metástasis en intestino delgado. El estudio histológico confirmó secundarismo de melanoma cutáneo. Conclusión: Sabiendo que el yeyuno íleon es el sitio de asiento más frecuente de las metástasis de melanoma, ante la presencia de síntomas digestivos inespecíficos o anemia se debe sospechar su compromiso y evaluar posibles alternativas terapéuticas.

The small intestine is the most frequent site of metastatic melanoma. However, its diagnosis continues to be a challenge since it is usually asymptomatic or with non-specific symptoms. Few cases result in complications, peritonitis due to perforation being infrequent. The objective of the work is to report a clinical case of peritonitis due to perforation of a melanoma metastasis in the small intestine. Clinical case: A 66-year-old male patient diagnosed with melanoma of the neck and secondary bone, brain and lung melanoma, underwent emergency surgery for acute peritonitis due to perforation of metastasis in the small intestine, which was resected and anastomosed. The histology confirmed the secondary nature of the cutaneous melanoma. Conclusion: Knowing that the jejunum-ileum is the most frequent site of melanoma metastases, in the presence of non-specific digestive symptoms or anemia, its involvement should be suspected and possible therapeutic alternatives should be evaluated.

O intestino delgado é o local mais frequente de melanoma metastático. O diagnóstico é um desafio por ser assintomático ou apresentar sintomas inespecíficos. Há poucos casos que apresentam complicações, sendo pouco frequente a peritonite por perfuração. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de peritonite por perfuração de metástase de melanoma no intestino delgado. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 66 anos, diagnosticado com melanoma no pescoço com metástase óssea, cefálica e pulmonar. Foi submetido a cirurgia de emergência por peritonite aguda por perfuração de metástases do intestino delgado. O estudo histológico confirmou melanoma cutâneo. Conclusão: Sabendo que o jejuno e o íleo é o local mais frequente de metástase de melanoma, na presença de sintomas digestivos inespecíficos ou anemia deve-se suspeitar de seu acometimento e avaliar possíveis alternativas terapêuticas.

Etiological diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To explore the etiological diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort study. The clinical data of patients with PD-related peritonitis who were treated and underwent microbial cultivation and mNGS test at the same time from June 2020 to July 2021 in the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University were analyzed. The positive rate, detection time and consistency between mNGS test and traditional microbial culture were compared. Results: A total of 18 patients with age of (50.4±15.4) years old and median dialysis time of 34.0 (12.4, 62.0) months were enrolled in the study, including 11 males and 7 females. Pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in 17 patients by mNGS test, with a positive rate of 17/18, which was higher than 13/18 of microbial culture, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.219). Both mNGS test and microbial culture isolated positive pathogenic bacteria in 12 patients, and mNGS test isolated the same types of pathogenic bacteria as microbial cultivation did in 11 patients. In five patients with negative microbial culture, mNGS test also isolated pathogenic microorganisms, including 3 cases of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 1 case of Ureaplasma urealyticum. In 1 patient, microbial culture isolated pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) whereas mNGS test did not. The detection time of mNGS was 25.0 (24.0, 27.0) h, which was significantly shorter than 89.0 (72.8, 122.0) h of microbial culture (Z=3.726, P<0.001). Conclusions: mNGS test can improve the detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms in PD-related peritonitis and greatly shorten the detection time, and has good consistency with microbial culture. mNGS may provide a new approach for pathogen identification of PD-related peritonitis, especially refractory peritonitis.

Perfil clínico, quirúrgico y epidemiológico de pacientes reintervenidos / Clinical, Surgical and Epidemiological Profile of Reintervened Patients

Introducción: Los pacientes reintervenidos quirúrgicamente no se han caracterizado en el Hospital "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" de Santiago de Cuba. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes reintervenidos quirúrgicamente según variables de interés. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo de los pacientes reintervenidos en el citado hospital durante el trienio 2018-2020. La muestra fue de 6279 enfermos. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas y clínicas quirúrgicas de interés. Los datos se resumieron mediante análisis de frecuencias. Resultados: La tasa de reintervenciones fue de 1,7 por ciento respecto al total de operaciones mayores y el 1,6 por ciento correspondió a la cirugía abdominal. Predominó el grupo de edades entre 46 y 60 años y el sexo femenino con 37,8 por ciento y 55 por ciento, respectivamente. La operación inicial fue realizada de urgencia en el 91 por ciento de los casos por apendicitis aguda y oclusión intestinal (21,7 por ciento y 18 por ciento). El 70,2 por ciento de la casuística se reintervino 4 días después por absceso intrabdominal (39,6 por ciento) y dehiscencia de sutura anastomótica (20,7 por ciento). La relaparotomía a demanda (98,1 por ciento) fue la mayormente efectuada con 18 por ciento de aplicación de la técnica de abdomen abierto. La mortalidad fue de 28 por ciento y la causa de muerte fue el choque séptico en un 80,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los pacientes reintervenidos constituyeron un problema de salud hospitalario que impactó en el perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de la cirugía abdominal(AU)

Introduction: Surgical reintervention patients have not been characterized at Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo Hospital of Santiago de Cuba. Objective: To characterize the surgically intervened patients according to variables of interest. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out with the patients surgically reintervened in the aforementioned hospital during the 2018-2020 triennium. The sample consisted of 6279 patients. Epidemiological and surgical-clinic variables of interest were analyzed. Data were summarized by frequency analysis. Results: The reintervention rate was 1.7 percent compared to the total number of major operations, while 1.6 percent corresponded to abdominal surgery. There was a predominance of the age group 46-60 years and the female sex predominated, accounting for 37.8 percent and 55 percent, respectively. The initial operation was performed urgently in 91 percent of the cases, due to acute appendicitis and intestinal occlusion, accounting for 21.7 percent and 18 percent, respectively. 70.2 percent of the cases were reintervened four days later for intraabdominal abscess (39.6 percent) and anastomotic suture dehiscence (20.7 percent). On-demand relaparotomy (98.1 percent) was the most performed procedure, with 18 percent of application of the open-abdomen technique. Mortality represented 28 percent of cases, while the most frequent cause of death was septic shock, accounting for 80.6 percent of deaths. Conclusions: The reintervened patients constituted a hospital health concern that impacted on the morbidity and mortality profile of abdominal surgery(AU)

Peritonitis terciaria como reto para los cuidados intensivos / Tertiary Peritonitis as a Challenge for Intensive Care

Introducción: Las infecciones intrabdominales son consideradas como una de las primeras causas de emergencias quirúrgicas a nivel mundial. El reconocimiento de la peritonitis terciaria como una nueva forma de sepsis de origen intrabdominal y disfunción- falla multiorgánica es creciente, pero no unánime. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis de la literatura sobre la peritonitis terciaria, su definición, elementos fisiopatológicos, factores de riesgo y terapéutica. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, LILACS, SciELO y Google académico. Se utilizaron palabras clave, términos DeCs y MESH, en el periodo de búsqueda 2010-2020 en idioma inglés y español, con el fin de proporcionar los conceptos, clasificaciones y manejo integral en el abordaje de la peritonitis terciaria. Los tipos de estudios seleccionados fueron guías, revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios observacionales. Desarrollo: Se definió como una inflamación peritoneal que persistió o recurrió después de 48 horas, con signos clínicos de irritación peritoneal, tras un tratamiento aparentemente adecuado que siguió a una peritonitis secundaria y producida por patógenos nosocomiales. Es una entidad que tuvo una elevada mortalidad, que cuenta con elementos necesarios para su diagnóstico, con una flora bacteriana característica, generalmente microorganismos de baja virulencia unido a predisposición por paciente inmunocomprometido y los elementos claves para su tratamiento son la antibiótico terapia y un manejo quirúrgico adecuado. Conclusiones: A pesar de la gravedad extrema de esta entidad, existen ambigüedades en su definición, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Los estudios sobre el tema abordan definiciones muy heterogéneas y por tanto los resultados son muy variables(AU)

Introduction: Intraabdominal infections are considered one of the leading causes of surgical emergencies worldwide. Recognition of tertiary peritonitis as a new form of sepsis of intraabdominal origin and multi-organ dysfunction and/or failure is increasing, but not unanimous. Objective: To carry out an analysis of the literature about tertiary peritonitis, its definition, pathophysiological elements, risk factors, and therapy. Method: A search was carried out in the databases of Pubmed, LILACS, SciELO and Google Scholar. Keywords, as well as DeCs and MESH terms were used in the search period 2010-2020, in English and Spanish, in order to provide the concepts, classifications and the comprehensive management for tertiary peritonitis. The types of studies selected were guidelines, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies. Development: The condition was defined as a peritoneal inflammation that persisted or recurred after 48 hours, with clinical signs of peritoneal irritation, after apparently adequate treatment that followed secondary peritonitis caused by nosocomial pathogens. The entity had a high mortality, with necessary elements for its diagnosis: a characteristic bacterial flora, generally low virulence microorganisms and predisposition to affect immunocompromised patients. The key elements for its treatment are antibiotic therapy and suitable surgical management. Conclusions: Despite the extreme severity of this entity, there are ambiguities in its definition, diagnosis and managment. Studies on the subject address very heterogeneous definitions and, therefore, the outcomes are highly variable(AU)

Peritoneal fluid collection in healthy cattle and evaluation of changes in cell morphology during storage in refrigerated and non-refrigerated samples / Colheita do fluido peritoneal de bovinos sadios e verificação das alterações na morfologia celular quando mantido refrigerado ou à temperatura ambiente

This study aimed to evaluate the appropriate sites of abdominocentesis for peritoneal fluid collection in cattle and to investigate the time of cell viability in vitro, comparing three methods of sample conservation. Twenty-one healthy cattle (19 females and 2 males) were subjected to a laparocentesis procedure to obtain peritoneal fluid, with punctures in three defined sites: left cranial, right cranial, and right caudal. The total peritoneal fluid collected was divided into three aliquots and maintained under three preservation conditions: room temperature (26°C), refrigeration (4°C), and room temperature (26°C) with the addition of 1µL of 10% formaldehyde per 1mL of peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal fluid analysis performed immediately after collection consisted of: physical examination (color, appearance, volume, and specific gravity), biochemical measures (pH, total protein, fibrinogen, creatinine, and glucose), and cellularity (total and differential counts). The determination of proteins and the examination of cells were repeated in each separate aliquot at two, four, six, and eight hours after harvest. Data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test. The harvest was productive in 67% of cattle. The left cranial and the right cranial puncture sites were the most appropriate. Peritoneal fluid analyzed after collection, the total protein concentration ranged from 1.4 to 3.6g/dL, and number of leukocytes ranged from 54 to 1,322 cells/µL; 60 to 95% of leukocytes were lymphocytes. The protein concentration decreased, but the absolute values of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and segmented neutrophils did not change up to eight hours after collection, independent of the maintenance method. Cell lysis was delayed by cooling, and the addition of formaldehyde did not help preserve the integrity of cellular morphology. Laparocentesis is a safe and secure procedure in cattle and maybe more productive when performed in specific sites on the left or right sides of the cranial abdominal wall. Peritoneal fluid samples may be analyzed with reliable results for up to eight hours after collection when kept refrigerated and for up to six hours when kept at room temperature.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os locais adequados de laparocentese para a colheita de fluido peritoneal de bovinos e estabelecer o tempo de viabilidade celular in vitro, comparando três métodos de conservação. Vinte e um bovinos hígidos (19 fêmeas e 2 machos) foram submetidos ao procedimento de laparocentese para obtenção de fluido peritoneal, com punção em três pontos definidos: cranial esquerdo, cranial direito e caudal direito. O volume total do líquido peritoneal foi dividido em três alíquotas mantidas sob três métodos de conservação: temperatura ambiente (26°C); refrigeração (4°C); e temperatura ambiente (26°C) com adição de 1µL de formol 10% para cada 1mL de líquido peritonial. A análise do líquido peritoneal realizada imediatamente após sua obtenção consistiu em: exames físico (cor, aspecto, volume e densidade); bioquímicos (pH, proteína total, fibrinogênio, creatinina e glicose); e da celularidade (contagens total e diferencial). A determinação de proteínas e o exame da celularidade foram repetidos, em cada alíquota separada, as duas, quatro, seis e oito horas após a colheita. Análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman foram empregados para avaliação ao longo do tempo. A colheita foi produtiva em 67% dos bovinos e os locais de punção craniais esquerdo e direito foram os mais adequados. A concentração de proteína total variou de 1,4 a 3,6g/dL e o número de leucócitos de 54 a 1.322 células/µL, com predomínio de linfócitos (60 a 95% das células) no fluido peritoneal analisado logo após a colheita. A concentração de proteínas diminuiu, mas os valores absolutos de leucócitos, de linfócitos e de neutrófilos segmentados não se modificaram até oito horas após a colheita, independente do método de manutenção das amostras. A lise celular foi retardada pela refrigeração e a adição de formol não contribuiu para preservar a integridade da morfologia celular. A laparocentese é um procedimento seguro e de execução fácil em bovinos sendo mais produtiva quando realizada em locais específicos à esquerda ou à direita craniais da parede abdominal. Amostras de fluido peritoneal podem ser analisadas com resultados confiáveis quando mantidas refrigeradas por até oito horas após a colheita e quando mantidas à temperatura ambiente por até seis horas.(AU)

Factores relacionados con la falla multiorgánica en pacientes con peritonitis / Factors related to multi-organ failure in patients with peritonitis

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del pronóstico del paciente con peritonitis difusa secundaria es un reto para cirujanos e intensivistas. Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con el riesgo de falla multiorgánica en pacientes con peritonitis difusa secundaria ingresados en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos (pacientes con peritonitis y falla multiorgánica n = 68) y controles (pacientes con peritonitis sin falla multiorgánica n = 47), en el periodo de 2017-2018. Se analizaron 64 variables que caracterizaron al paciente o a la peritonitis, y se calculó su asociación con el riesgo del paciente para presentar falla multiorgánica. Resultados: Las variables más asociadas a este riesgo fueron: riesgo anestésico 3 o más según la clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesia (odds ratio = 47,7), desequilibrio ácido-básico/ electrolítico (odds ratio = 22,6), hiperglucemia de 10 mmol/l o más en no diabéticos (odds ratio = 15,5), íleo paralítico reflejo persistente (odds ratio = 13,6), distrés respiratorio (odds ratio = 11,8), uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (odds ratio = 11,8), Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment 4 puntos o más (odds ratio = 10,2), tratamiento con abdomen abierto (odds ratio =9,0), escala Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II 15 puntos o más (odds ratio = 8,9), shock séptico (odds ratio = 8,6). Conclusiones: Se identificaron los factores asociados a la presentación de falla multiorgánica, lo que hizo posible el diseño de una escala predictiva de esta falla en el paciente con peritonitis difusa secundaria(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining the prognosis of the patient with secondary diffuse peritonitis is a challenge for surgeons and intensivists. Objective: To identify the factors related to the risk of multiple organ failure in patients with secondary diffuse peritonitis admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto". Methods: A case study (patients with peritonitis and multi-organ failure n = 68) and controls (patients with peritonitis without multi-organ failure n = 47), in the period 2017-2018, was performed. 64 variables that characterized the patient or peritonitis were analyzed, and their association with the risk of the patient to present multiple organ failure was calculated. Results: The variables most associated with this risk were: anesthetic risk 3 or more according to the American Society of Anesthesia classification (odds ratio = 47.7), acid-basic / electrolyte imbalance (odds ratio = 22.6), hyperglycemia 10 mmol / l or more in non-diabetics (odds ratio = 15.5), persistent reflex paralytic ileus (odds ratio = 13.6), respiratory distress (odds ratio = 11.8), use of invasive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio = 11.8), Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment 4 points or more (odds ratio = 10.2), treatment with open abdomen (odds ratio = 9.0), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scale 15 15 points or more (odds ratio = 8.9), septic shock (odds ratio = 8.6). Conclusions: The factors associated with the presentation of multi-organ failure were identified, which made possible the design of a predictive scale of this failure in the patient with secondary diffuse peritonitis(AU)

Peritonitis esclerosante primaria y secundaria: estudio comparativo / Primary and secondary sclerosing peritonitis: comparative study

Resumen Introducción: Existen dos tipos de peritonitis esclerosante (PE): primaria o idiopática y secundaria, generalmente a diálisis peritoneal (DP), y con menor frecuencia a otras patologías abdominales o sistémicas. Su mortalidad es alta. Objetivo: Comparar las características clínicas, estudios diagnósticos y tratamiento de pacientes con Peritonitis Esclerosante Primaria y Secundaria, definir si existen diferencias y determinar los principales elementos clínicos e imagenológicos que permitan hacer un diagnóstico precoz y mejorar los resultados terapéuticos. Material y Métodos: Se analizan 18 casos de PE diagnosticados en nuestro hospital, entre los años 2001-2014. Incluye una serie retrospectiva de 15 casos de PE secundaria (13 por diálisis peritoneal y 2 por cirrosis hepática). Se compara con un estudio prospectivo que incluye 3 pacientes con PE primaria. Resultados: Las principales diferencias se evidencian en la presentación clínica: PE primaria: se presenta con cuadro de obstrucción intestinal y baja de peso de distinta magnitud. PE secundaria: predominan el dolor abdominal, peritonitis recurrente y la falla de ultrafiltración. La tomografía computada de abdomen es útil, sobre todo cuando hay obstrucción intestinal. Ha hecho posible el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Conclusiones: Se requiere un alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico precoz de PE, sobre todo para la forma primaria. Debe sospecharse en todo paciente con dolor abdominal, vómitos recurrentes y baja de peso de cualquier magnitud; y en aquellos en diálisis peritoneal durante 5 años o más, que presenten dolor abdominal y/o peritonitis recurrente y/o falla de ultrafiltración.

Introduction: There are two types of sclerosing peritonitis (SP): primary or idiopathic and secondary, generally to peritoneal dialysis, and less frequently, to other abdominal or systemic pathologies. Mortality related to this is high. Objective: To compare the clinical feature, diagnostic studies and treatment of patients with Primary and Secondary Sclerosing Peritonitis, to define whether there are any differences and to establish the main clinical and imaging elements allowing for an early diagnosis and improving the therapeutic results. Material and Methods: An analysis of 18 SP cases diagnosed at our hospital between 2001-2014 was carried out. This includes a retrospective series of 15 cases of secondary SP (13 to peritoneal dialysis and 2 to liver cirrhosis). This is compared against a prospective study that includes 3 patients with primary SP. Results: The main differences became evident in the clinical presentation: Primary SP: occurs in an intestinal obstruction and a loss of weight scenario of varying degrees. Secondary SP: abdominal pain and recurrent peritonitis as well as ultrafiltration failure prevail. CT of the abdomen has proven to be useful, in particular in those cases where there is intestinal obstruction. It has made preoperative diagnostic possible. Conclusions: A high degree of suspicion is required for an SP early diagnosis, especially for the primary form. All patients presenting abdominal pain, recurrent vomiting and any degree of weight loss and those with five or more years of peritoneal dialysis presenting abdominal pain and/or recurrent peritonitis and/or ultrafiltration failure should raise a diagnosis suspicion.

Utilidad de las tiras reactivas para el diagnóstico temprano de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis / Usefulness of test strips for early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites

Introducción: La peritonitis bacteriana espontánea requiere un diagnóstico temprano para el inicio de antibioticoterapia. El estudio diagnóstico ideal es el citoquímico del líquido ascítico, el cual puede ser costoso, demorado y de disponibilidad limitada en centros primarios de atención en salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad y precisión diagnóstica de las tiras reactivas Multistix 10SG para el diagnóstico de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de prueba diagnóstica en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis. Se determinó el conteo de leucocitos del líquido ascítico por la escala colorimétrica de la tira reactiva Multistix 10SG y se comparó con el gold standard para el diagnóstico (polimorfonucleares ≥ 250 células/mm³). Resultados: De 174 pacientes con ascitis (51,7% mujeres, promedio de edad 59 años) 30 fueron diagnosticados con peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. Con un punto de corte grado ++, la tira reactiva tuvo sensibilidad 73,3%, especificidad 96,5%, valor predictivo positivo 81,4%, valor predictivo negativo 94,5%, razón de probabilidad positiva 21,2 y razón de probabilidad negativa 0,27. Conclusiones: Las tiras reactivas tienen adecuada especificidad y valor predictivo negativo, siendo una herramienta de bajo costo, uso sencillo, rápida interpretación y fácil acceso, para apoyar la decisión de no iniciar antibiótico en pacientes con ascitis y sospecha de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. Por su baja sensibilidad no reemplazan al estudio citoquímico como prueba de elección para el diagnóstico definitivo, pero si es útil para optimizar el abordaje inicial de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis requires an early diagnosis to start antibiotic therapy. The ideal diagnostic study is the cytochemical of ascites fluid, which can be expensive, delayed and of limited availability in primary health care centers. Objective: Evaluate the usefulness and diagnostic accuracy of Multistix 10SG test strips for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Materials and methods: Observational descriptive study of diagnostic test in cirrhotic patients with ascites. The leukocyte count of ascites fluid was determined by the colorimetric scale of the Multistix 10SG test strip and compared with the gold standard for diagnosis (polymorphonuclear ≥ 250 cells / mm³). Results: Of 174 patients with ascites (51.7% women, average age 59 years) 30 were diagnosed with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. With a grade ++ cut-off point, the test strip had sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 81.4%, negative predictive value 94.5%, positive likelihood ratio 21.2 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.27. Conclusions: The test strips have adequate specificity and negative predictive value, being a low cost tool, simple use, quick interpretation and easy access, to support the decision not to start an antibiotic in patients with ascites and suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Due to their low sensitivity they do not replace the cytochemical study as the test of choice for the definitive diagnosis, but it is useful for optimizing the initial approach of these patients.

Peritonite piogranulomatosa por Nocardia concava em cão - relato de caso / Piogranulomatous peritonitis by Nocardia concava in dog - Case Report

Nocardiose é causada por bactérias do gênero Nocardia do subgrupo Actinomycetos, que são Gram-positivas aeróbicas, filamentosas e podem apresentar ramificações. O diagnóstico baseia-se na presença de lesão inflamatória, com o microrganismo morfologicamente compatível, associada ao isolamento e à identificação microbiológica e molecular. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de nocardiose em canino, que desenvolveu inflamação piogranulomatosa peritoneal seis meses após ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. O animal apresentava hipertermia, distensão abdominal, taquipneia, polidipsia, hiporexia, mucosas hipocoradas e fezes pastosas. Os achados laboratoriais evidenciaram anemia leve e leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda e hipoalbuminemia. Uma massa na região mesogástrica e efusão peritoneal foram evidenciadas por meio da ultrassonografia abdominal. O líquido foi classificado como exsudato piogranulomatoso, e o animal submetido à laparotomia exploratória para lavagem abdominal e remoção da massa. Após procedimentos terapêuticos, ocorreu piora clínica e óbito. Peritonite piogranulomatosa foi a principal alteração anatomopatológica a qual foi associada à Nocardia spp. Molecularmente, a espécie isolada se aproxima da N. concava, por meio da análise filogenética. Essa espécie já foi descrita como causa de infecção em humanos na Ásia, no entanto não há registros na literatura na espécie canina, sendo este o primeiro relato.(AU)

Nocardiosis is caused by an aerobic, gram-positive, ramificated and filamentous bacteria of the Nocardia genus, subgroup Actinomycetos. The diagnosis is based on the presence of the inflammatory lesions with the morphologically compatible microorganism associated with microbiological and molecular isolation and identification. The objective of this work is to report a case of nocardiosis in a canine that developed peritoneal pyogranulomatous inflammation six months after ovariosalpingohisterectomy. The animal had hyperthermia, abdominal distention, tachypnea, polydipsia, hyporexia, hypocorous mucosae and pasty feces. The laboratory findings revealed mild anemia and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with left deviation and hypoalbuminemia. A mass in the mesogastric region and peritoneal effusion were evidenced by abdominal ultrasonography. The fluid was classified as pyogranulomatous exudate and the animal underwent exploratory laparotomy for abdominal lavage and mass removal. Despite the therapeutic procedures and clinical alterations the dog died. Piogranulomatous peritonitis was the main anatomopathological alteration which was associated with Nocardia spp. Molecularly, the isolated species approaches the N. concava species through phylogenetic analysis. This specie was described as a cause of infection in humans in Asia; however, there are no records in literature on the canine species, being this the first report.(AU)

Diagnóstico prenatal y enfrentamiento postnatal de peritonitis meconial, a propósito de un caso / Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal confrontation of meconial peritonitis: a clinical case

INTRODUCCIÓN La peritonitis meconial (PM) es una peritonitis localizada o generalizada, aséptica, química o de cuerpo extraño; producto del paso de meconio a la cavidad peritoneal y esta correlacionada con la perforación prenatal del tracto digestivo. Se presenta en 1 de cada 30.000 recién nacidos (RN). El diagnostico ecográfico prenatal mejora los resultados perinatales, el hallazgo más frecuente es la ascitis. La PM requiere un tratamiento multidisciplinario urgente, la mayoría es de resolución quirúrgica. OBJETIVO Dar a conocer una patología infrecuente, que requiere un alto grado de sospecha diagnostica para otorgar un manejo perinatal específico y oportuno. Caso clínico Primigesta de 29 años sin antecedentes mórbidos, cursando embarazo controlado de 36+5 semanas. En control ecográfico se evidencia ascitis fetal. Se hospitaliza en alto riesgo obstétrico, descartando patología metabólica e infecciosa. A las 37 semanas por cesárea de urgencia, se obtiene RN con distensión abdominal y hepatomegalia. En laparotomía exploradora se evidencia asas intestinales indemnes. En re intervención se encuentra hernia de íleon distal perforada, se confecciona ostomia, evoluciona favorablemente y es dado de alta. DISCUSIÓN Es fundamental considerar la PM dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de ascitis fetal. Un diagnóstico oportuno mejora los resultados perinatales y permite prevenir posibles complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION Meconial peritonitis (PM) is localized or generalized peritonitis, aseptic, chemical or strange body; a product of meconium steps to the peritoneal cavity and is correlated with prenatal perforation of the digestive tract. It occurs in 1 in 30,000 newborns. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis improves perinatal outcomes, the most frequent finding is ascites. PM requires urgent multidisciplinary treatment, most of cases need surgical resolution. OBJECTIVE To present an infrequent pathology, which requires a high degree of diagnostic suspicion to grant a specific and timely perinatal management. Clinical case Pregnant 29 years old woman without morbid history, 36 weeks of controlled pregnancy. Ultrasound control shown fetal ascites. He is hospitalized at high obstetric risk, ruling out metabolic and infectious pathology. At 37 weeks by emergency caesarean section, is obtained a baby boy with abdominal distension and hepatomegaly. In exploratory laparotomy there are undamaged intestinal handles. In re intervention it is noted herniated perforated distal ileum, ostomy is made. Patient evolves favourably and is discharged. DISCUSSION It is essential consider PM within the differential diagnoses of fetal ascites. An opportune diagnosis improves the perinatal results and could avoids possible complications.

Serum and ascitic fluid high sensitive C reactive protein as prognostic marker in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Background: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is the most frequent bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with ascites. The mortality rate in those patients ranges from 40-70%.Aim: to assess level of serum and ascetic fluid polymorph nuclear leucocytes (PMN), high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with SBP before and after treatment. Methods: A cohort study was done on 114 patients SBP admitted in the Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University during the period from December 2017 to September 2018. All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, routine laboratory investigation, ultrasonography and ascitic fluid sampling. They was followed up for 5 days from starting treatment by parenteral third generation cephalosporin and peripheral blood (PMN), serum (hs-CRP), ascitic fluid PMN and hs-CRP were measured again.Results: the largest percentage of the patients were male, had posthepatitic C cirrhosis and child C score. There was statistically non-significant difference between antibiotic responders and non-responders regarding peripheral blood PMN before or five days after antibiotic use. There was statistically non-significant difference in ascitic fluid PMN, serum and ascitic fluid hs-CRP before treatment while the difference is significant between both groups regarding them five days after treatment. Percent change in serum hs-CRP was equal to that of ascitic fluid PMN. Percent change in ascitic fluid hs-CRP was comparable to that of ascitic fluid PMN. Conclusion: Serum and ascitic fluid hs-CRP level can be considered as alternative prognostic markers in cirrhotic patients with SBP

Mortalidad por peritonitis secundaria en la unidad de terapia intensiva / Secondary peritonitis mortality in an intensive care unit

Introducción: Las peritonitis secundarias son frecuentes y tienen una alta letalidad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores determinantes de la letalidad por peritonitis secundaria en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto; desde 2015 hasta 2017. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y longitudinal con todos los pacientes egresados con diagnóstico de peritonitis secundaria (n= 70). Se agruparon según fueron egresados vivos o fallecidos. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales, características de la peritonitis (manifestaciones clínicas, causa, resultado del cultivo de secreciones peritoneales, complicaciones, antimicrobianos utilizados y escalas de gravedad). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la frecuencia absoluta, el porcentaje y riesgo absoluto. Resultados: Los pacientes se caracterizaron sobre todo por presentar fiebre, leucocitosis con desviación izquierda y por la realización del control foco séptico peritoneal (100 por ciento); en los fallecidos, los más común fue que presentaron fallo multiorgánico, en el líquido peritoneal se aisló un microorganismo de la especie Acinetobacter y manifestaron inmunodepresión, variables para las que la letalidad asociada fue de 94,7 por ciento, 80,0 por ciento y 71,4 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los factores más asociados a la letalidad fueron los siguientes: fallo multiorgánico, hipoxemia menor o igual a 85 mmHg y/o saturación periférica de oxígeno menor o igual 90 por ciento, tiempo evolución manifestaciones clínicas antes de la cirugía mayor o igual 24 horas, choque séptico, edad mayor o igual 60 años, presión intra abdominal poscirugía mayor o igual 21 cm H2O, origen colónico de la peritonitis y la presencia de fluido peritoneal fecaloideo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Secondary peritonitis is frequent, with high mortality indexes. Objective: To establish the determining factors of the secondary peritonitis mortality in the intensive care unit of Dr Agostinho Neto hospital. Method: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in all the patients discharged from hospital with diagnosis of secondary peritonitis (n=70). They were grouped into dead or alive patients. The following variables were studied: age, sex, personal pathological history and characteristics of peritonitis (clinical signs, causes, results of the peritoneal secretion culture, complications, antimicrobials used in treatment and severity scales). The statistical analysis was based on absolute frequencies, percentages and absolute risk. Results: The patients were characterized by presenting with fever and leukocytosis with left deviation and by performance of peritoneal septic focus control (100 percent). The multi-organ failure was common in dead patients. Acinetobacter species microorganism was isolated in the peritoneal fluid in addition to presenting immunosuppression; the associated mortality rates for these variables were 94.7 percent, 80 percent and 71.4 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The most associated factors to mortality were multi-organ failure, hypoxemia lower than or equal to 90 percent, time of progression, clinical signs present for 24 hours or longer before the surgery, septic shock, age of 60 years or older, post-surgery intra-abdominal pressure equal to or over 21 cm H2O, colonic origin of peritonitis and presence of fecaloid peritoneal fluid(AU)

Estudio de pacientes ingresados por peritonitis en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso / Study of patients with peritonitis admitted to the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery

Introducción: La peritonitis postoperatoria es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes que se presenta tras procederes laparoscópicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución de los pacientes complicados con peritonitis después de un proceder laparoscópico. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de los pacientes con peritonitis ingresados en la terapia intensiva, del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, desde septiembre de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2015. Se analizaron algunas variables demográficas, procederes laparoscópicos que se complicaron con este diagnóstico, complicaciones clínicas, antibioticoterapia utilizada, tipo de nutrición y la escala de evaluación fisiológica APACHE II como predictor de pronóstico. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas. Las variables cualitativas se resumieron utilizando frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Para las cuantitativas se utilizó la media y la desviación estándar. Resultados: Se complicaron con peritonitis 26 de 298 pacientes ingresados en el período (8,7 ), la edad media fue de 60 años, predominó el sexo femenino (57,7 por ciento). Se complicaron más con este diagnóstico los pacientes perforados postcolonoscopia (50 por ciento). El disbalance hidroelectrolítico (73,1 por ciento) fue la complicación asociada más frecuente. Se usó precozmente la nutrición enteral en 57,7 por ciento y los antibióticos más utilizados fueron ceftriaxone, amikacina y metronidazol. Predominó la evolución favorable a pesar que el score APACHE II se mantuvo en valores elevados. Conclusiones: Las perforaciones intestinales después de una colonoscopía tienen un alto riesgo de sufrir peritonitis secundaria, pero si se realiza un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz su evolución es favorable(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic dilatation is the first therapeutic option to eliminate benign esophageal stenosis and improve the symptoms and the quality of life of those patients who suffer from it. Objective:To describe the results of endoscopic dilatation in patients with benign esophageal stenosis treated in the National Center for Endoscopic Surgery from January 2015 to December 2016. Material and Methods:A case series longitudinal observational study was conducted in 59 patients with benign esophageal stenosis. Dilatations were done with Savary-Gilliard bougie and balloons. Results:The mean age was 52,5 years, and the condition predominated in 37 male patients (62,7 percent). Post-surgical, peptic, and caustic were the most frequent etiologies with 25, 14, and 6 cases, respectively. Short stenosis predominated in 51 cases. Bougies were used in 48 patients for a total of 149 dilatations, corresponding to a mean of 3,1 dilatations/ patients. Correction of the stenosis was made in 1-3 sessions in 47 percent of patients; 11 cases were dilated with balloon, corresponding to a mean of 1- 3 dilatations/ patients. Four patients from the group that were dilated with Savary-Gilliard bougies showed refractoriness. A perforation, and two bleedings occurred. After the dilatations, dysphagia improved or disappeared in 93,2 percent of patients. Conclusions:Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis indicated to be a good alternative method in achieving corrections in a few dilatation sessions, with a low number of complications, and an improvement of the dysphagia(AU)

Diagnóstico y seguimiento de 12 casos de peritonitis esclerosante asociada a diálisis peritoneal crónica en Chile: Experience in 12 patients on peritoneal dialysis / Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with a low prevalence but high mortality. It is characterized by peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis with subsequent development of intestinal encapsulation. It is associated with a long lapse on PD, frequent episodes of peritonitis, high glucose solution use, and high peritoneal transport status. Aim: To report the clinical features of patients on PD, who developed EPS. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 12 patients aged 43 ± 10 years (eight women) who developed EPS. Results: The mean time spent on PD was 98 months. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain in 82% and ultrafiltration failure in 63%. In 92%, there was a history of peritonitis and 75% had high peritoneal transport at the time of diagnosis. The main findings in computed tomography were peritoneal calcification and thickening. There was a biopsy compatible with the diagnosis in 10 cases. Treatment consisted in withdrawal from PD, removal of PD catheter and the use of corticoids and tamoxifen. After withdrawal from PD 50% of patients became asymptomatic. The rest had intermittent abdominal pain and altered bowel movements. Two patients died (17%). Conclusions: EPS is a serious complication of PD, which should be suspected in any patient with compatible clinical symptoms, long time on PD, multiple episodes of peritonitis and high peritoneal transport profile.

Peritonites em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento de diálise peritoneal / Peritonitis among patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis / Peritonitis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal

Objetivo: analisar a taxa das peritonites no Serviço de Diálise Peritoneal de um Hospital-Escola e conhecer o perfil dos pacientes do programa de diálise peritoneal. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, de natureza quantitativa, realizado no serviço de diálise no interior de São Paulo de janeiro a dezembro de 2015. RESULTADOS: dos 39 pacientes em diálise peritoneal, 51,3% eram do sexo masculino, 64,1% não idosos, 51,3% procediam de outros municípios, 69,2% aposentados, 66,7% estavam em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua, 43,6% estavam em tratamento de um a dois anos e 79,5% não estavam na lista de transplante, sendo 41% em virtude de início recente na terapia. Dos 20 pacientes que apresentaram peritonite, 50% tiveram dois episódios no ano, 20% causados por Staphylococcus aureus. Em 90% o antibiótico foi administrado por via endovenosa, 95% tiveram associação de antibióticos, sendo os mais comuns ceftazidima, vancomicina e cefalotina. Dos 90% dos pacientes que saíram da terapia, 65% eram do sexo feminino, 55% moravam no município da instituição de tratamento, 70% eram aposentados e 65% estavam em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua, com média de idade de 56 anos (DP=14,6 anos) e média de 1,7 ano de tratamento. A taxa de peritonite em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua e diálise peritoneal automatizada foi de 2,79% e em diálise peritoneal intermitente 13,33%. CONCLUSÃO: a maioria dos pacientes que teve peritonite eram mulheres. A média de peritonites foi maior entre as pessoas com menos idade e menos tempo de tratamento e 90% dos pacientes saíram da terapia.

Objective: analyze peritonitis rates in the Peritoneal Dialysis Service of a university hospital and identify the profile of patients attending the peritoneal dialysis program. Methods: This observational, retrospective, and descriptive study with a quantitative approach was conducted at adialysis service in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 2015. Results: Of the 39 patients on peritoneal dialysis, 51.3% were men;64.1% were non-elderly patients; 51.3% were from towns other than where the service was located; 69.2% were retired; 66.7% were in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; the duration of treatment of 43.6% ranged from one to two years; 79.5% were not on the transplant waiting list;and 41% had recently started therapy. Of the 20 patients presenting peritonitis, 50% had two episodes and 20% of the episodes were causedby Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic was administered intravenously in 90% of the patients; antibiotics were associated with ceftazidime, vancomycin or cephalothin (the most common ones) in 95%. Among those who dropped out of therapy (90%): 65% were women, 55% lived in thesame town as the health facility; 70% were retired; 65% were undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and were aged 56 years old onaverage, while treatment duration was 1.7 years on average. The peritonitis rate among those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis andautomated peritoneal dialysis was 2.79%, while 13.33% were on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: Most patients with peritonitis werewomen, lived in the same town as the facility, were retired and underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and treatment duration was1.7 years on average, and 90% of the patients dropped out of therapy.

Objetivo: analizar la tasa de peritonitis en el servicio de diálisis peritoneal de un hospital escuela; conocer el perfil de los pacientes del programa dediálisis peritoneal. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, cuantitativo realizado en el servicio de diálisis de un hospital delinterior del estado de São Paulo, entre enero y diciembre de 2015. Resultados: De los 39 pacientes en diálisis peritoneal, 51,3% eran varones, 64,1% noancianos, 51,3% venían de otros municipios, 69,2% jubilados, 66,7% en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria, 43,6% en tratamiento entre uno y dosaños,79,5% no estaban en la lista de trasplantes y, entre ellos, 41% habían reiniciado recientemente el tratamiento. De los 20 paciente que presentaron peritonitis, 50% tuvieron dos episodios en el año, 20% causado por Staphylococcus aureus. En 90%, el antibiótico se administró vía venosa, 95%tuvieron asociación de antibióticos, siendo los más comunes ceftazidima, vancomicina y cefalotina, y 90% de los pacientes interrumpieron la terapia,65% eran mujeres, 55% vivían en el municipio de la institución de tratamiento, 70% eran jubilados y 65% estaban en CAPD con promedio de 56 añosde edad y 1,7 años de tratamiento. La tasa de peritonitis en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria y diálisis peritoneal automatizada fue de 2,79%y en diálisis peritoneal intermitente 13,33%. Conclusión: Entre los pacientes con peritonitis, la mayoría eran mujeres, el promedio de peritonitis fuemayor entre las personas más jóvenes y con menos tiempo de tratamiento y 90% de los pacientes interrumpieron el tratamiento.

Abordaje laparoscópico en peritonitis por perforación vesical / Laparoscopic in bladder perforation peritonitis

Las lesiones vesicales son causadas por traumatismos cerrados de alta energía que interrumpen la pelvis ósea, un golpe directo a una vejiga distendida, lesiones penetrantes o causas iatrogénicas varias. 1 Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, joven, con patología de base en estudio por el Servicio de Urología, quien en el contexto del diagnóstico de dicha patología fue sometida a un procedimiento urológico invasivo (RTU), con abdomen peritoneal 24hs después del procedimiento. En el acto quirúrgico se constató aproximadamente 1000cc de orina y perforación vesical de 1cm de diámetro con mucosa exteriorizada hacia cavidad peritoneal. Se realizó biopsia de la mucosa vesical, rafia de la perforación en un plano, lavado y aspirado de cavidad por videolaparoscopía, y colocación de drenaje tubular y sonda vesical en permanencia.

Bladder injuries are caused by high energy blunt trauma thatdisrupt the pelvis bone, a direct blow to a distended bladder, penetratinginjuries or some iatrogenic causes. The case of a youngfemale patient, underlying pathology study by the Department ofUrology, who in the context of diagnosis of this disease underwenta urological invasive procedure (TUR), with peritoneal abdomenpresents 24 hours after the procedure. During surgery it was foundabout 1000cc of urine and bladder perforation 1 cm in diameterwith externalized mucosa into peritoneal cavity. Biopsy of bladdermucosa, closure of defect with absorbable material and drainage ofthe cavity was performed entirely by videolaparoscopy.

Nocardia asteroides peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: first case in pediatrics, treated with protracted linezolid

Nocardia asteroides is a rare pathogen in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. We report on a 13-year-old female with Nocardia asteroides peritonitis complicated by an intra-abdominal abscess. Linezolid was administered intravenously for 3 months and followed by oral therapy for an additional 5 months with close monitoring for adverse effects. The patient was discharged after 3 months of hospitalization on hemodialysis. The diagnosis and management of such cases can be problematic due to the slow growth and difficulty of identifying Nocardia species. The optimal duration of treatment for Nocardia peritonitis is not known. Linezolid can be used for prolonged periods in cases of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant cases with close monitoring for adverse effects

EVALUATION OF LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE REAGENT STRIPS TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS IN CHILDREN WITH CIRRHOSIS / Avaliação de tiras reagentes de teste de esterase de leucócitos no diagnóstico de peritonite bacteriana espontânea em crianças com cirrose

BackgroundSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis is defined as an ascetic fluid infection without an evident intra-abdominal surgically treatable source. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is one of the severe complications in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Without early antibiotic treatment, this complication is associated with high mortality rate; therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is necessary for survival. Leukocyte esterase reagent can rapidly diagnose the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.ObjectiveThis study aimed to find out the diagnostic accuracy of leukocyte esterase dipstick test for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.MethodsA single centered hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted during July 2013 to August 2014 on children with cirrhotic liver disease and ascites who were admitted in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology in Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Iran). All patients underwent abdominal paracentesis, and the ascitic fluid was processed for cell count, leukocyte esterase reagent strip test (Combiscreen SL10) and culture. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was defined as having a polymorphonuclear count (PMN ≥250/m3) in ascitic fluid. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of leukocyte esterase test were calculated according to the formula.ResultsTotally, 150 ascitic fluid sample of cirrhotic male patients (53.2%) and their mean age (4.33±1.88 years) were analyzed. Biliary atresia (n=44, 29.4%) and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (n=29, 19.3%) were the most frequent etiology of cirrhosis. Also, abdominal pain (68.6%) and distension (64%) were the most common presenting complaint. Of all cases, 41patients (27.35%) were diagnosed to have spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (PMN ≥250/mm3). Sensitivity and specificity of leukocyte esterase reagent test according to PMNs ≥250mm3 were 87.80% and 91.74%, also on ascitic fluid culture results were 88.23% and 77.44%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this test in PMNs ≥250mm3 were 80% and 95.23% and in cases with positive culture 33.33% and 98.09% were obtained, respectively. Efficiency of leukocyte esterase reagent test in diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, according to PMNs ≥250mm3 and culture results were 90.66% and 78.66%.ConclusionThe leukocyte esterase strip test may be used as rapid test for diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to its high diagnostic validity.

ContextoA peritonite bacteriana espontânea é definida como uma infecção do fluido ascítico sem evidente origem intra-abdominal cirurgicamente tratável. A peritonite bacteriana espontânea é uma das complicações graves em pacientes com cirrose e ascite. Sem tratamento antibiótico precoce, esta complicação é associada com alta taxa de mortalidade. Portanto, o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento de peritonite bacteriana espontânea são necessários para a sobrevivência. O reagente de esterase de leucócitos pode rapidamente diagnosticar a peritonite bacteriana espontânea.ObjetivoEste estudo teve como objetivo descobrir a acurácia diagnóstica do teste com tiras de esterase de leucócitos para o diagnóstico de peritonite bacteriana espontânea.MétodosUm estudo transversal hospitalar unicêntrico foi realizado entre julho de 2013 e agosto de 2014 em crianças com cirrose hepática e ascite que foram admitidas no Departamento de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica no Hospital de Nemazee afiliado à Universidade de Ciencias Médicas de Shiraz (Irã). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a paracentese abdominal, e o líquido ascítico foi processado para contagem de células, teste de tira de reagente de esterase de leucócitos (Combiscreen SL10) e cultura. Peritonite bacteriana espontânea foi definida como tendo uma contagem de polimorfonucleares (PMN ≥250/m3) no líquido ascítico. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo negativo do teste de esterase de leucócitos foram calculados de acordo com a fórmula.ResultadosForam analisados um total de 150 amostras de líquido ascítico de pacientes cirróticos; (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e sua média de idade (4,33±1,88 anos). A atresia biliar (n=44, 29,4%) e hepatite neonatal idiopática (n=29, 19,3%) foram as etiologias mais frequentes de cirrose. Além disso, dor abdominal (68,6%) e distensão (64%) foram as queixas mais comuns de apresentação. De todos os casos, 41 (27,35%) foram diagnosticados com peritonite bacteriana espontânea (PMN ≥250/mm3). A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste de reagente de esterase de leucócitos segundo PMN ≥250mm3 foi de 87,80% e 91,74% e, para os resultados de cultura de líquido ascítico, de 88,23% e 77,44%. Valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo do teste em PMN ≥250mm3 foi de 80% e 95,23% e em casos com cultura positiva 33,33% e 98,09%, respectivamente. A eficiência do teste de reagente esterase de leucócitos no diagnóstico de peritonite bacteriana espontânea, de acordo com resultados de ≥250mm3 e cultura PMN, foi de 90,66% e 78,66%.ConclusãoO teste de tiras de esterase de leucócitos pode ser usado como um teste rápido para diagnóstico de peritonite bacteriana espontânea, devido a sua alta validade diagnóstica.

Peritonitis secundaria a apendicitis aguda perforada por esquistosomiasis. Presentación de caso / Secondary peritonitis and acute appendicitis percuss by schistosomiasis. Case presentation

Fundamento: La peritonitis secundaria a apendicitis aguda perforada por esquistosomiasis es una entidad muy rara, pocos casos han sido descritos en la literatura; esta parasitosis proviene de zonas endémicas y con tratamiento antihelmíntico remite hasta su curación, evitando su propagación y complicaciones, que son mortales en estadíos avanzados. Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente con peritonitis secundaria a apendicitis aguda perforada por esquistosomiasis. Presentación de caso: Hombre filipino, saludable, de 42 años, con dolor abdominal difuso e intenso de cinco días de evolución, acompañado de vómitos y fiebre e intensa reacción peritoneal, constatada al examen físico, en la tomografía computarizada contrastada de abdomen se visualizó el apéndice engrosado así como colección de líquido intraabdominal. Se realizó laparotomía exploradora, apendicectomía y lavado de la cavidad abdominal. El estudio histopatológico informó, apendicitis perforada con presencia de huevos de Schistosoma en las paredes del apéndice Conclusiones: El paciente evolucionó favorablemente y sin complicaciones posoperatorias, se egresó a los diez días después de terminado el tratamiento antibiótico y antihelmíntico con prazicuantel.

Background: Secondary peritonitis and acute appendicitis percuss by schistosomiasis is a rare entity , few cases have been described in literature , this parasitoids comes from endemic zones and with an antihelmintic treatment letting up to its cure , avoiding its propagation and complications , which are mortal in advanced stages. Objectives: to describe the case of a patient with Secondary peritonitis and acute appendicitis percuss by schistosomiasis. Case report: A filipine healthy man, 42 years old, with an abdominal diffuse and intense pain of 5 days of evolution, together with vomits, fever and intense peritoneal reaction, palpable in the physical exam, in the contrasted computer tomography of abdomen was observed an enlarged appendix as well as collection of intraabdominal liquid. An explore laparotomy, an appendectomy, a wash of the abdominal cavity, and the histopathology reported percuss appendicitis with presence of schitosoma eggs on the walls of the appendix. Conclusions: The patient evoluted favorably and without post operatory complications, egress 10 days after having finished the antibiotic and the antihelmintic treatment with praziquantel.

Urachal Sinus Presenting with Periumbilicus Abscess / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.